https://rodner.net/home daily 1.0 2020-05-16 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e286e7502a8e72614dc1a76/1579777690304/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Law-review-Articulos-de-derecho.jpg Home https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e286e8307908b4cf13f9420/1589629370518/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Newspaper-articles-Articulos-de-Prensa.jpg Home https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e286e64c57ec133a81606bb/1579777682727/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Books-Libros.jpg Home https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e286e973aa56f615cb3ebc5/1579708062513/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes.jpg Home https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e3447fe5acf4408943f6ed9/1580484611697/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-venezuela-massachusetts-washington-dc.jpg Home https://rodner.net/books daily 0.75 2020-05-16 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f811f068c869fe7d485f/1579546672736/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-los-contratos-enlazados-el-subcontrato.jpg Books | Libros - Los Contratos Enlazados. El Subcontrato (Linked contracts; subcontracts) 1st edition from Venezuelan Academy of Social and Political Sciences, Caracas (2008) Prologue (English) → https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f770732aba3bf27fd974/1579546484958/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-garantias-independientes-a-primer-requerimiento.jpg Books | Libros - Garantías Independientes a Primer Requerimiento Serie Estudios 114 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f83773d1bc4c3079418b/1579546687321/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-el-dinero-2005.jpg Books | Libros - El Dinero. Obligaciones de dinero y de valor La inflación y la deuda de en moneda extranjer 2st edition, Editorial Arte, Caracas (2005) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f77bc1003e671f36e89e/1579546498744/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-la-transferencia-del-contrato.jpg Books | Libros - La Transferencia del Contrato (Unidroit, Artículo 9) Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Serie Estudios 108 Caracas (2014) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f7fc3e92f95439af9c07/1579546635631/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-elementos-de-finanzas-internacionales.jpg Books | Libros - Elementos De Finanzas Internacionales 3rd reprint of 3rd edition Caracas (2008) Editorial Torino Chapter 5 → Chapter 6 → Chapter 22 → https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f883f068c869fe7d658e/1579546757819/LaInversionInternacional.jpg Books | Libros - La Inversión Internacional en países en desarrollo (International investment in developing countries) Editorial Arte, Caracas (1993) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f88bc77df97290a72e70/1579546766251/ Books | Libros - Las Obligaciones En Moneda Extranjera (Foreign money debts) 1st Edition, Caracas, 1983, Editorial Sucre New Chapter 4: Ley Aplicable (Spanish) → https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f7886810047965135cea/1589632499949/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-los-contratos-enlazados.jpg Books | Libros - Los Contratos Enlazados 2nd Edition Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Serie Estudios 104 Caracas (2013) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f8456570d5475402ca6d/1589632519703/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-la-globalizacion-un-proceso-dinamico.jpg Books | Libros - La Globalización. Un Proceso Dinámico 1st edition, Venezuelan Academy of Social and Political Sciences, Caracas (2001) Book's summary → Prologue by Dr. Ramón Escovar Salom (Spanish) → https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f8676570d5475402d139/1579546736504/ElCreditoDocumentario.jpg Books | Libros - El Crédito Documentario 2nd Edition, Caracas, 1999, Editorial Arte Caracas, pp. 175. Book's summary (Spanish) → https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f89ac77df97290a7314a/1579546789621/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-la-subordinacion-del-credito.jpg Books | Libros - La subordinación del crédito Editorial Sucre, Caracas (1981) 1st Part (Spanish) → 2nd Part (Spanish) → 3rd Part (Spanish) → https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f7926570d54754029008/1579546518213/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-la-globalizacion.jpg Books | Libros - La Globalización 2nd Edition Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Serie Estudios 101 Caracas (2012) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f893f8b9515a76e03148/1579546773842/ElContratoYLaInflacion.jpg Books | Libros - El Contrato y La Inflación. El uso de las cláusulas de valor en Venezuela 1st edition, Editorial Sucre, Caracas (1983) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25f8756208476247c8775a/1579546749809/james-otis-rodner-international-arbitration-el-dinero-1995.jpg Books | Libros - El Dinero. La Inflación y Las Deudas de Valor 1st edition, Editorial Arte, Caracas (1995) (Money, inflation and indexed debts) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e286ee70ccc4b7ead37fb9f/1579783535098/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Books-Libros-banner.jpg Books | Libros https://rodner.net/law-review-articles daily 0.75 2020-05-16 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e286f0a3aa56f615cb3fd88/1579708175461/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Law-review-Articulos-de-derecho-banner.jpg Law Review Articles | Artículos de Derecho https://rodner.net/travels daily 0.75 2020-01-22 https://rodner.net/travels/lebanon monthly 0.5 2021-11-08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2871aa3aa56f615cb4ab21/1579708852152/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-1.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon In the 7th century A.C. Lebanon was taken over by the Arabs and passed to form part of the Caliphate of Umayyad located in Damascus. Later, Lebanon passed to the Caliphate of Abbasid located in Baghdad. In the year 1099 the Crusades were present in Lebanon, leaving a collection of different castles set up for defence. In 1289 sultan Qalawun of the Mamluk dynasty, located in Cairo, took over the port of Tripoli. In the 16th century Lebanon was taken over by the Ottomans, as a product of the conquest by Selin I of the whole Middle East, including the occupation of Damascus. In the 19th century with the aid at times from the French, the Ottomans were able to conserve Lebanon up to 1915. During the 19th century under the Ottoman domination Protestant missionaries, especially from North America, went to Lebanon. At this time, the American University of Beirut was founded and is today one of the most important educational centers of the Middle East. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2871e63aa56f615cb4c0ce/1579708909509/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-6.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - Reminder of a war in Tripoli Tripoli is a short two-hour drive by bus from Beirut. The city is dominated by the castle built by Ramón De Saint Gilles during the invasion of the Crusades. Tripoli, as a modern city, does not have much to offer. The buildings are poor and some of the wounds from the civil war are still visible. Inside Tripoli there is an old style medina full of small shops selling small artisan objects aimed at the tourist. Tripoli also counts with several mosques. The architecture reflected in the Tripoli mosques was strongly influenced by Mamluk architecture that arrived to Lebanon at the time of Mamluk occupation in the XII century. In the mosques there are still some madras or Islamic schools that also date back to the Mamluk period. Tripoli is well known for its soaps and different varieties of sweets. Though very interesting, and unlike Beirut, Tripoli has not been rebuilt after the civil war and one finds innumerable buildings with bomb holes and signs of bullets. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2872028f978a72a9df590b/1579708937498/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-8.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - Temple of Bakus at Baalbeck One of the greatest monuments that Lebanon has to offer are, of course, are the Roman temples in the city of Baalbek. They were built in a period of 200 years and despite the fact that close to 2,000 years have elapsed, the temples are in very good condition. Baalbek was originally occupied by the Greeks and later taken up by the Romans. The best preserved temple in Baalbek is the temple to the god Bacchus, which appears practically in its original condition, with most of its columns and an impressive stairway going into the temple. One can practically imagine the preparation of going into the temple of Bacchus for the ceremonies close to 2,000 years ago. The temple of Bacchus was built in the 2nd century a.d. Also in Baalbek there are leftovers of the extraordinary temple of Jupiter, where six columns are still preserved. The temple of Jupiter was built at the time of Augustus, at the beginning of the Christian era. There are also parts of a temple for Venus. The surprising thing about Baalbek ruins are the good condition in which one finds them, apparently due to the fact that fortifications were built around it at the time of the Arab takeover of Lebanon. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e287220dc5c561cf15dcf54/1579708967838/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-10.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - References 1 This brief history of Lebanon is taken from; William Harris, Lebanon history, Oxford (2012), Kamal Salibi, Histoire du Liban, Beirut (1992). The summary history of Lebanon in the book of Paul Doyle, Lebanon – Bradth Travel Guides, England (2012); Samir Kassir, Beirut, translated from French, Histoire de Beyrouth, translated by M.B. Debevoise, Berkeley (2011). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2871c7131cb544ef28a7ca/1579708880309/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-4.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - Mosque and Maronite church in Beirut In Lebanon there are four religions: the Christians, which are in their majority Maronites. There are also Orthodox Christians, Armenians and Evangelical Protestants. Islam is equally divided between the Shiites and the Sunnis, which has caused confrontations that upset the internal peace of the country. Confrontations between these two currents of Islam has existed since since the time of Ali in the 7th Century. The Hezbollah a Shiite organization, has caused many problems in Lebanon since 1972 . Lebanon also has the Druses. A Druze is an Islamic sect that claims to follow Fatimid-al-Hakim who in the 11th century proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God on earth. Many consider that the Druses do not form part of Islam. The sect is secret and membership in the religion is closed, that is, they do not accept converts. The Druses are concentrated mainly in the mountain regions and they can be recognized by their peculiar form of dressing. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e14b1c5141f9b6e391cc32e/1578931641653/Libano+1-DSC_0806HighRes.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2871ba07908b4cf1406bd8/1579708864961/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-3.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - Lebanon as it is known today was born in 1943, while the Second World War was taking place in Europe. At the time there was a national agreement between the Maronites and the Islamic Sunnis to govern Lebanon as an independent country. As of the Lebanese independence the Lebanese started to build a country that was isolated of the problems of the region. This peace that prevailed in Lebanon since the Second World War finished in 1975 with the well-know Lebanese civil war. From 1975 up to 2005 Lebanon went though a series of civil unrest, wars, invasions, including it was invaded by Israel in 1982 and later by Syria. During the fifteen-year period of the civil was (1975-1990) the city of Beirut, which had been known as the Paris of the Middle East, was completely destroyed. In 1994, under the efforts of the then prime minister of Lebanon, Rafik Al Hariri, and an extraordinary reconstruction of the capital started. In 2005 Al Harir was murdered by a car bomb. The murder of Al Hariri was attributed to Syria. Finally, the Syrian army left Lebanon in the year 2000, in view of the agreements of March 14.1 With the exit of Syria, Lebanon has apparently now entered into a period of peace, albeit fragile. This peace has helped in allowing for the reconstruction of the country that had been started by Al Hariri, as reflected in the renaissance of Beirut. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2871f5c57ec133a816d3cc/1579708924929/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-7.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - Crusaders Castle Byblos En route back to Beirut from a day trip to Trípoli, Byblos is a sure stop. Byblos is as old as Beirut and is a port on the Mediterranean. The first phonetic alphabet comes from Byblos. From the Phoenician alphabet created in Byblos the Greeks Developer their own alphabet. Today the harbor in Byblos presents itself as a quaint Mediterranean harbor setting of a history of 7,000 years. In Byblos, in addition to archeological sites dating several thousand years, one finds the remains of the imposing castle built by the crusaders in the 13th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2871d76e77117cbc08bb04/1579708895476/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-5.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - Beirut National Museum Beirut is one of the oldest cities in the world. Originally it was a Phoenician coastal port. In the Roman era it was denominated Colony Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus, in honor of the daughter of the emperor Augustus. In Beirut the Romans established a school of law that attracted many jurists. Beirut was destroyed during the civil war (1975-1990). The reconstruction of Beirut commenced in 1994 at which time and during the reconstruction period, many old Roman ruins were discovered. The reconstruction of Beirut has also tried to save building that had a strong influence of French architecture of the 19th century. The Clock Tower in the Nijmeh Square was built in 1933 by Michel El Abed and has a mixture of French architecture, Oriental architecture and modern influences. Today the center of Beirut is surrounded by some of the best name stores in the world and has started to retake its position as an international banking center. A must visit in Beirut is to the Pigeon Rock which can be observed by a walk of the Corniche. The National Museum is also a required visit. There is a golf course. Beirut is also a university city, counting in addition to the American University (1866), the University of Saint Joseph, a school of management and the American-Lebanese University and the Arab University of Beirut. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28720f8f978a72a9df5b40/1579708951861/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Lebanon-9.jpg Travels | Viajes - Lebanon - The temple of Jupiter in Baalbeck Also in Baalbek one can visit the Omaya mosque and other Roman ruins. Between Baalbek and Beirut there are vineyards where Lebanon is producing a wine of relatively good qualify and which is now starting to penetrate the international markets. Lebanon has developed a service economy where tourism plays an extremely important role and therefore it serves as an easy door into the Middle East. From Lebanon there are connections to major European capitals as well as to all the countries in the region. There is a fusion cuisine in Lebanon, with a strong French influence in traditional Lebanese cooking. Most impressive thing in Lebanon is the great effort that the Lebanese have made since 2005 to try to rebuilt their country. Lebanon, unlike many of its Arab neighbours, has no natural resources and this has helped them develop a culture of work that is quite admirable. Though the country has a high standard of living, most of the standard of living is obtained through hard work. https://rodner.net/travels/okavango monthly 0.5 2021-11-08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2873d769ecfc3fe10e92e2/1579709406169/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Okavango-1.jpg Travels | Viajes - Okavango - Entre elefantes El animal más identificado con el Okavango es el elefante, un animal nómada que no establece un territorio propio. Su estructura social es matriarcal, por lo cual es típico encontrar grupos de entre seis y doce caminando con una elefanta madre, su progenie y elefantes jóvenes. Los machos están separados de las hembras excepto cuando se reproducen. Deambulan a solas o a veces en compañía de otros dos o tres machos. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2873ee1e5f2e6a96174786/1636370079075/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Okavango-2.jpg Travels | Viajes - Okavango El Okavango cuenta con una de las poblaciones de elefantes más grande de África, resultado de los programas de protección que desde hace muchos años se imponen en Botswana. Gracias a estos programas, los elefantes en Botswana no atacan a los turistas como sucedió recientemente en Kenya. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2873c58b05c10013777688/1579709393114/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Okavango-banner.jpg Travels | Viajes - Okavango https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2873fa30e66436fc1978e1/1579709438682/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Okavango-3.jpg Travels | Viajes - Okavango - Las cebras juegan mientras los leones duermen Además del elefante, en el Okavango se encuentran hipopótamos, cebras, jirafas, búfalos, ñus y leopardos. En 2001 se reintrodujo el rinoceronte, que había desaparecido. Adicionalmente, existen más de 400 especies diferentes de aves. Ciertas ciénagas se han convertido, con el transcurso del tiempo, en el hábitat preferido de los hipopótamos, quienes escogen las que permanecen con agua a través de todo el año. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28740530e66436fc197cd6/1579709452656/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Okavango-4.jpg Travels | Viajes - Okavango - Un cocodrilo descansa sobre un puente Desde Suráfrica se maneja una línea de aviones clásicos (DC3-Dakota), que vuela desde Johannesburgo por encima del Kalahari, hasta Maun. Un safari es un viaje que tiene ciertas dificultades y sólo debe ser tomado por personas que tienen buena capacidad de tracción propia. En el Okavango hay excursiones en vehículos de tracción en las cuatro ruedas, así como caminatas en zonas seleccionadas. Para los aventureros, un campamento ofrece excursiones a caballo. Jirafas, elefantes, cebras e hipopótamos son fáciles de ver. Un buen guía es el que encuentra leones y leopardos. Por el efecto de las lluvias, el Okavango tiene problemas de paludismo, es recomendable llevar algún tratamiento de prevención. https://rodner.net/travels/espacios-sagrados-de-la-india monthly 0.5 2021-11-08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2874df3f6a03473908d51d/1580211292827/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-banner.jpg Travels | Viajes - Espacios sagrados de La India https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2874ee1e5f2e6a96178e73/1580211292831/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-1.jpg Travels | Viajes - Espacios sagrados de La India - Profeta Vardhamna Templo Janista - Ranakpur Ranakpur queda como a tres horas, por autobús turístico, de la ciudad de Jodhpur en Rajasthan. A Jodhpur se puede llegar por avión desde Mumbai o Delhi. En Ranakpur se encuentra el templo más importante de la religión jainista. El Tempo de Ranakpur está totalmente construido en mármol y consta de 1.444 columnas. Cada columna contiene decoraciones diferentes que el resto. El templo fue construido aproximadamente en el siglo XV. Para entrar en el templo, el visitante no puede portar ningún objeto hecho de la piel de un animal, incluyendo zapatos, correas o portafolios de cuero. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2874fd02604269530a616a/1580211292835/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-2.jpg Travels | Viajes - Espacios sagrados de La India - Khajurano En el estado de Madhya Pradesh se encuentra Khajurano, sitio donde están ubicados los famosos templos del mismo nombre. Actualmente sobreviven 25 templos. Los templos de Khajurano son templos hindúes. Algunos de los templos se utilizan, aun hoy en día, para oraciones. Los templos están cubiertos de esculturas, un buen número de ellas de tipo erótico. De estas esculturas se desarrolló el libro del Kamasutra. El carácter erótico de las esculturas causa repulsión para algunos. Sin embargo, debe recordarse que, en el Hinduismo, el erotismo es una sensación positiva de fuerza. Los templos fueron construidos entre el siglo X y el siglo XII y fueron redescubiertos en 1838. Originalmente existían 85 templos. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28750c6b8c1a130742b7fb/1580211292838/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-3.jpg Travels | Viajes - Espacios sagrados de La India - Armistar - El Templo Dorado Amritsar se encuentra en el extremo noroeste de la India, en el estado de Punjab. Fue fundada en 1577 y en ella se encuentra el Templo de Gurdwara, mejor conocido como el Templo Dorado. El Templo Dorado está ubicado en un complejo que constituye una especie de pequeña ciudad que es un espacio sagrado de los sikhistas. En el complejo se encuentra una laguna así como un comedor gigantesco que ofrece comida gratis a todos los que visitan el complejo. Para entrar en el complejo se deben remover los zapatos y las medias, y los hombres deben usar un turbante para cubrirse el cabello. Los visitantes pueden visitar el complejo. Mi experiencia es que todos son bienvenidos y se siente un ambiente acogedor. https://rodner.net/travels/azerbaijan monthly 0.5 2021-11-08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28762b8b05c10013781769/1580211904316/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Azerbaijan-1.jpg Travels | Viajes - Azerbaijan Azerbaijan gained final independence in 1990 and then fell into a war with Armenia that had as a result that Azerbaijan lost over 20% of its territory. In 1994, it signed a cease-fire with Armenia, putting an end to the hostilities between the two countries. In 1995, it adopted a democratic Constitution and restarted the development of its oil industry. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28764b02604269530ab690/1579710034569/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Azerbaijan-3.jpg Travels | Viajes - Azerbaijan - The Caves of Gobustan At the southwest of Baku, in the National Park of Gobustan, you will find some 20 caves that contain a spectacular collection of archeological monuments in the form of stone carvings that date more than 40,000 years ago. The drawings are similar to those that one can find in the Altamira Caves in Spain, giving the impression that there was some sort of prehistoric connection between the Iberian Peninsula and the Caspian Sea. The subjects are multiple, including men, women, bulls, deer and wild boars. There are also representations of ceremonies and prayer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28761630e66436fc1a07c4/1579709987764/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Azerbaijan-banner.jpg Travels | Viajes - Azerbaijan https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28765855bf7f2c6c0a0179/1579710047203/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Azerbaijan-4.jpg Travels | Viajes - Azerbaijan - The people and the country For anybody interested in Azerbaijan, an interesting introduction is the reading of the excellent novel Alí and Nino, which is rarely available in English. The novel was original published in German in 1930 and was written by Kurban Said, an Azeri of Jewish origin that had converted to Islam. For more than 30 years the author of the book was not known. In the story, Ali is a young Moslem man and Nino a girl of Georgian origin and a member of the Church of Georgia (a form of Orthodox Christianity). The story describes the contrast between the Moslem of Central Asia and the westerner. An Azeri explained to me that Europe ends where the Roman legions arrived, that is, Azerbaijan. This clearly places the country in a crossroad. This sensation of being European and Asiatic at the same time gives a comfortable feeling to the Azeri with what is the modern world. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e28763d405ae27ab8ff7b7c/1579710020398/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Azerbaijan-2.jpg Travels | Viajes - Azerbaijan - Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism appeared in Azerbaijan in the 6th Century b.C. It came from Persia and it was the religion found on the basis on the teaching of the prophet Zarathrusta. Zoroastrism is identified by the veneration of fire and is practiced up to our days. These eternal fires at one time were characteristic of the area around the city of Baku; Azerbaijan actually means land of fire. Zoroastrism has origins in Persia 1,200 years before the Christian era. The most interesting monument of Zoroastrism is the Fire Temple of Surahaby (Atashgah) in the outskirts of Baku and were there is a permanent flame that helps the worship of fire. The flame is kept alive by the oil that is apparent or flourishes on the earth. https://rodner.net/travels/the-incredible-samarkand monthly 0.5 2021-11-08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2877ef3eb2eb7ca6a64e93/1579710453717/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-The-incredible-Samarkand-4.jpg Travels | Viajes - The incredible Samarkand The Uzbeks are amiable people and they receive tourists with great enthusiasm. Some women still dress in traditional dresses and they keep the custom of having gold teeth. The woman that can show the greater number of gold teeth is the one with the highest rank and possibly, for some the most beautiful. In the Registan you find groups of Uzbeks ready to pose for pictures and show us their class, that is, their gold teeth. However, they do not follow precept of Timor of carrying the veil; otherwise, how could we see their beautiful teeth. Language is a problem for the tourist. Uzbeks, in addition to their own language, speak Russian. Very few people speak English. This makes communication difficult, except through smiles and gestures. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2877de69ecfc3fe10f9229/1579710440676/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-The-incredible-Samarkand-3.jpg Travels | Viajes - The incredible Samarkand A similar reflection of Islamic architecture with a strong influence of the ceramic tile of turquoise color of Islamic architecture, is the Shah-i-Zinda medieval cemetery. In this cemetery, Kushan Ibn Abbas, a cousin of the prophet, is buried. In Shah-i-Zinda you also find a number of small mausoleums, each with an incredible beauty. Also, an obligatory visit is to the mausoleum Gu-Emir [Gur Emir] where Timor is buried together with his grandsons Muhamet Sultam and Ulug Bek. A curiosity is the Ulugbek Observatory, where Ulugbek dedicated himself to observe the starts and where he had calculated the exact duration of the year. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2877d130e66436fc1a6458/1579710424235/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-The-incredible-Samarkand-2.jpg Travels | Viajes - The incredible Samarkand The heart of Samarkand is the Registan, which is a central plaza built in what was originally the center of the city. The Registan is a square formed by three madras built in a period of two centuries and which were a definitive influence in Islamic architecture throughout the world. Madras are Islamic academies for the formation of clerics dedicated to the study of the Koran. Today these madras are tourist centers. There are no Islamic schools there at this time; However, their beauty and the feeling of history is still strongly present. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2877ae3eb2eb7ca6a642d8/1579710389841/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-The-incredible-Samarkand-banner.jpg Travels | Viajes - The incredible Samarkand https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2877c13b59ec7e1146fa3c/1579710410270/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-The-incredible-Samarkand-1.jpg Travels | Viajes - The incredible Samarkand Despite his battles, Timor dedicated time to his capital and it was during his government and up until the middle of the XVI century, that the beautiful city of Samarkand was built. Of this period we still have some spectacular buildings. Samarkand is located in the middle of the Silk Route and was since the V century a.d. a resting place for many caravans that trafficked between the east and the west. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e2877fa3eb2eb7ca6a6506e/1579710466788/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-The-incredible-Samarkand-5.jpg Travels | Viajes - The incredible Samarkand Of course, today it is not as difficult to get to Samarkand as it was in the time of Ruy González. We also will not find a figure there such as Timor. To get to Samarkand you have to flight directly to the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent and from there take a flight to Samarkand or, for the more adventurous travelers, take a train or possibly even a bus. Those who visit Samarkand sometimes also take the trip to Bukhara, which is more commercial and arts and crafts center than Samarkand. What was at one time the Silk Route is now converting itself into the Oil Route. Central Asia counts with two of the largest producers of oil in the world: Azerbaijan and Kazajstan. Uzbekistan has already started the explorations. What was the route of the camels three centuries ago is now occupied by great pipelines carrying oil and gas to Europe and to Russia and possibly, I assume in a not to distant future, to China. The luck is that Samarkand is not the commercial center of Uzbekistan; therefore, I am sure modernity and black gold will not be able to destroy it; after all, it is one of those cities that we all feel belongs to mankind. https://rodner.net/travels/espacios-sagrados-de-la-india-5g4nh monthly 0.5 2021-11-08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e301c5cdd0bc0219da9af11/1579709700164/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-2.jpg Travels | Viajes - Sacred spaces of India - Khajurano In the state of Madhya Pradesh you find Khajurano, a place where the temples of the sane name are located. At the present time there are 25 temples. The temples of Khajurano are Hindu temples. Some of the temples are still used today for prayer. The temples are covered by sculptures, a good number of these sculptures are erotic. Taken from these sculptures is the well known book of Kamasutra. The erotic nature of the sculptures causes repulsion for some. However, one must remember that in Hinduism erotism is a positive sensation of force. The temples were built between the X and the XII century and they were rediscovered in 1838. Originally there were 85 temples. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e301c5cdd0bc0219da9af14/1579709716696/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-3.jpg Travels | Viajes - Sacred spaces of India - Armistar - El Templo Dorado Amritsar is in the extreme northwest corner of India, in the state of Punjab. It was founded in 1577 and there you find the Temple of Gurdwara, better known as the Golden Temple. The Golden Temple is located in a complex that constitutes a sacred space for the Sikhs. In this complex you also find a lake as well as a very large dining area that offers free food to all the visitors of the complex. To enter into the complex you must remove your shoes and socks, and men must also use a turban to cover their hair. Visitors are allowed in the complex and there is a welcoming atmosphere. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e301c5cdd0bc0219da9af0e/1579709685119/James-Otis-Rodner-International-Arbitration-Travels-Viajes-Espacios-Sagrdos-de-la-India-1.jpg Travels | Viajes - Sacred spaces of India - Profeta Vardhamna Templo Janista - Ranakpur Ranakpur is about three hours by tourist bus from the city of Jodhpur in Rajasthan. You can arrive in Jodhpur from Mumbai or Delhi. In Ranakpur you will find the most important temple of the Jainist religion. The Temple of Ranakpur is totally built in marble and has 1,444 columns. Each column contains different decorations from the rest of temple. The temple was built approximately in the 15th century. 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View PDF Book summary, (in Spanish) https://rodner.net/el-dinero-la-inflacin-y-las-deudas-de-valor daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25cbd33e92f95439a55643/1579018495120/ContratosEnlazados.jpg El Dinero La Inflación y Las Deudas de Valor - Book summary 1st edition, Editorial Arte, Caracas (1995) (Money, inflation and indexed debts) https://rodner.net/la-inversion-internacional daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25cbd9c77df972909d05af/1579018495120/ContratosEnlazados.jpg La Inversión Internacional - Book summary Editorial Arte, Caracas (1993) https://rodner.net/las-obligaciones-en-moneda-extranjera daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25cbdf556e15498ade7e67/1579018495120/ContratosEnlazados.jpg Las Obligaciones En Moneda Extranjera - Book summary 1st Edition, Caracas, 1983, Editorial Sucre New Chapter 4: Ley Aplicable (in Spanish) https://rodner.net/el-contrato-y-la-inflacion daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25cda9c1003e671f2d3128/1579018495120/ContratosEnlazados.jpg El Contrato y La Inflación - Book summary 1st edition, Editorial Sucre, Caracas (1983) https://rodner.net/la-subordinacion-del-credito daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25cde4c77df972909d7293/1579018495120/ContratosEnlazados.jpg La subordinación del crédito - Book summary Editorial Sucre, Caracas (1981) 1st Part (Spanish) 2nd Part (Spanish) 3rd Part (Spanish) https://rodner.net/garantias-independientes-a-primer-requerimiento daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25eb4873d1bc4c3076049d/1579535095827/ContratosEnlazados.jpg Garantías Independientes a Primer Requerimiento - Book summary Serie Estudios 114 https://rodner.net/la-transferencia-del-contrato daily 0.75 2020-01-20 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e132a85019b062397248901/t/5e25eb516570d54754ff8d93/1579535095827/ContratosEnlazados.jpg La Transferencia del Contrato - Book summary (Unidroit, Artículo 9) Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Serie Estudios 108 Caracas (2014)